This type of antenna became an important component in Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. From telephones to radar to computers, the scientists at Bell Labs have had a hand in the most important inventions of the 20th century. Extraordinary scientists and engineers created an institution from which they, and the waves of remarkable individuals who would follow them, would invent so many of the components of our modern information-centric lives. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. In 1934, AT&T’s Development and Research Department, which had been devoted to bridging the gap between laboratory research and the operations of communication systems, was integrated into Bell Laboratories. When he arrived, there were at least seven African American technical workers at Bell Labs including Lincoln Hawkins, Ray Story, Charlie Miller, Bill North, and others. After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.The Bell Patent Association was formed by Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later.
However, the culture and research model that took shape during its formative years – which has been frequently adopted by other institutions – remains at the very core of Nokia Bell Labs to this day. Referred to as “The Idea Factory” or “The Crown Jewel,” the history of Bell Labs is the story behind what is arguably the leading research organization in Information Technology and Communications.Nokia Bell Labs has its roots in the consolidation of several engineering departments within the American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) company and the Western Electric company, the manufacturing organization for the Bell System. But as large parts of that network were deployed and the emerging telephone business took hold in the 1920s, attention increasingly turned to exploring fundamental areas of science likely to shape the future of the industry.As a result, about 4,000 of these scientists and engineers were assigned to a newly created Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in 1925, and were to be fully dedicated to such research. Bell Labs is an IEEE Milestone A young Alexander Graham Bell. Discovery and explanation of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations (the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect.) During the 1950s and Horst Störmer, Daniel Tsui, and Robert Laughlin.
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